Microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which use microorganisms to generate electricity from organic waste, are emerging as a tool in the transition to cleaner energy systems and for the treatment of waste water, according to a review of recent research in the International Journal of Environment and Waste Management.
Unlike conventional power generation, MFCs use bacteria that break down organic matter and generate electrons as part of their natural metabolism. These electrons can be tapped off from the fuel cell by electrodes to create an electrical current. The review points out that wastewater, food waste, and agricultural by-products can all be used as a food supply for the bacteria and therefore as a sustainable fuel source for power production.
Indeed, the researchers argue that the greatest strength of this technology is to combine electricity generation with waste treatment. In wastewater facilities, MFCs can help remove organic pollutants while simultaneously producing power, potentially reducing the energy demands of treatment plants.
The team highlights advances in electrode materials, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, and conductive polymers. The review also considers the role of electroactive bacteria. These are microbes that can transfer electrons directly to the electrodes and include those in the Geobacter, Shewanella, and Pseudomonas genera.
Challenges remain, however. Power output is still relatively low in MFCs, and scaling systems from the laboratory bench to an industrial operation remains difficult. Cost, efficiency and long-term reliability must improve considerably to allow MFCs to achieve widespread commercial adoption.
Deshmukh, S.M., Dhokpande, S.R. and Sankhe, A.A. (2026) ‘Innovative applications and recent developments in microbial fuel cells: a comprehensive review’, Int. J. Environment and Waste Management, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp.1-26.
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